Short Science Summary: Collision Risk Modeling – A Tool for Assessing Risks to Raptors at Wind Energy Facilities

Raptor

In January 2022, the International Energy Agency Wind Task 34—Working Together to Resolve the Environmental Effects of Wind Energy (WREN)—organized a forum to discuss aspects of raptor collision risk with wind turbines. The forum included experts in raptor biology and physiology, collision risk modeling, wind energy development, and atmospheric scientists from seven countries. They represented a range of international stakeholder groups including academia, government agencies, national laboratories, and wildlife consultants. This educational brief, produced by WREN under IEA Wind, summarizes the discussion during the forum and written comments from those who could not attend. Relevant literature was used to provide additional context when needed. A list of the references used to develop this summary is available here. 

Collision Risk Modeling – A Tool for Assessing Risks to Raptors at Wind Energy Facilities (English)

En enero de 2022, la tarea eólica 34 de la Agencia Internacional de Energía, "Trabajando juntos para resolver los efectos ambientales de la energía eólica (WREN)", organizó un foro para analizar los riesgos de colisión de aves rapaces con aerogeneradores. El foro incluyó a expertos en biología y fisiología de aves rapaces, modelos de riesgo de colisión, desarrollo de energía eólica, y científicos atmosféricos de siete países. Representaron a una variedad de grupos de partes interesadas internacionales, incluidos académicos, agencias gubernamentales, laboratorios nacionales y consultores de vida silvestre. Este resumen educativo incluye las conversaciones presentadas en el foro y los comentarios escritos de aquellos que no pudieron asistir. Se utilizó literatura relevante que sirviera de contexto adicional cuando era necesario

Modelos de riesgo de colisión: una herramienta para evaluar los riesgos para las aves rapaces en instalaciones de energía eólica (Spanish)

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Collisions of Birds of Prey with Wind Turbines - Analysis of the Circumstances Rasran, L., Durr, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Collision Victims and Lattice Towers - Frequency of Collision, Breeding Population and Breeding Success of Birds of Prey in Two Wind Farms in Brandenburg Durr, T., Rasran, L. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Results and Analysis of Eagle Studies from the Bluff Point and Studland Bay Wind Farms 2002-2012 Hull, C., Sims, C., Stark, E., Muir, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Calculation of the Probability of a Collision of Territorial Birds of Prey with Wind Turbines Rasran, L., Grajetzky, B., Mammen, U. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Telemetric Monitoring of Montagu’s Harrier in Schleswig-Holstein Grajetzky, B., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Satellite Tracking of White-Tailed Sea Eagles in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg Krone, O., Treu, G., Grunkorn, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Effects of Individuals Lost Due to Wind Turbines on the Time of Occupying a Territory, the Survival of Breeding Territories and the Breeding Success of White-Tailed Sea Eagles (Case Studies) Grunkorn, T., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Distances Between Breeding Sites and White-Tailed Sea Eagles Found Dead Near Wind Turbines in Schleswig-Holstein Grunkorn, T., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Decoding Golden Eagle Movement Behavior from High-Resolution, Variable-Rate Telemetry Data Through Bayesian Filtering Sandhu, R., Tripp, C., Quon, E., Thedin, R., Brandes, D., Braham, M., Miller, T., Duerr, A., Farmer, C. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Proceedings of the National Avian - Wind Power Planning Meeting IV NWCC Avian Subcommittee Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds in Evros and Rhodopi, Greece: Preliminary results Ruiz, G., Poirazidis, K., Schindler, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Potential biological removal of white-tailed eagles and its application to environmental impact assessment for wind farms in Japan Matsuda, H., Tani, K., Shimada, Y. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
A study of White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla movements and mortality at a wind farm in Norway Nygård, T., Bevanger, K., Dahl, E., Flagstad, Ø., Follestad, A., Hoel, P., May, R., Reitan, O. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Responses of dispersing GPS-tagged Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) to multiple wind farms across Scotland Fielding, A., Anderson, D., Benn, S., Dennis, R., Geary, M., Weston, E., Whitfield, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
The New Zealand Falcon and Wind Farms: A Risk Assessment Framework Seaton, R., Barea, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Bird Movements and Collision Mortality at a Large Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Byrne, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Waterfowl, Raptors, Passerines, Birds
Reduced survival in a soaring bird breeding in wind turbine proximity along the northern Baltic Sea coast Nebel, C., Stjernberg, T., Tikkanen, H., Laaksonen, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Model-Based Estimation of Collision Risks of Predatory Birds with Wind Turbines Eichhorn, M., Johst, K., Seppelt, R., Drechsler, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
High-Resolution Modeling of Uplift Landscapes can Inform Micrositing of Wind Turbines for Soaring Raptors Hanssen, F., May, R., Nygård, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Wind Farms and Power Lines Have Negative Effects on Territory Occupancy in Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo) Husby, M., Pearson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Non-territorial GPS-tagged golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos at two Scottish wind farms: Avoidance influenced by preferred habitat distribution, wind speed and blade motion status Fielding, A., Anderson, D., Benn, S., Dennis, R., Geary, M., Weston, E., Whitfield, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Effects of wind farms and food scarcity on a large scavenging bird species following an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy Martinez-Abrain, A., Tavecchia, G., Regan, H., Jimenez, J., Surroca, M., Oro, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Wind turbines in high quality habitat cause disproportionate increases in collision mortality of the white-tailed eagle Heuck, C., Herrmann, C., Levers, C., Leitão, P., Krone, O., Brandl, R., Albrecht, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Behavioural and Environmental Correlates of Soaring-Bird Mortality at On-Shore Wind Turbines Barrios, L., Rodríguez, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Reduced Breeding Success in White-Tailed Eagles at Smøla windfarm, Western Norway, is Caused by Mortality and Displacement Dahl, E., Bevanger, K., Nygård, T., Roskaft, E., Stokke, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Golden Eagle Fatalities and the Continental-Scale Consequences of Local Wind-Energy Generation Katzner, T., Nelson, D., Braham, M., Doyle, J., Fernandez, N., Duerr, A., Bloom, P., Fitzpatrick, M., Miller, T., Culver, R., Braswell, L., DeWoody, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Paint it black: Efficacy of increased wind turbine rotor blade visibility to reduce avian fatalities May, R., Nygård, T., Falkdalen, U., Åström, J., Hamre, Ø., Stokke, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Flight characteristics forecast entry by eagles into rotor-swept zones of wind turbines Rolek, B., Braham, M., Miller, T., Duerr, A., Katzner, T., McCabe, J., Dunn, L., McClure, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Effects of Weather on Avian Migration at Proposed Ridgeline Wind Energy Sites Thomas, P., Labrosse, A., Pomeroy, A., Otter, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Putting Aeolus to work without the death toll: federal wind farm siting guidelines can mitigate avian and Chiropteran mortality Mensing, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection Chabot, E., Slater, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Flight Altitudes of Raptors in Southern Africa Highlight Vulnerability of Threatened Species to Wind Turbines McClure, C., Dunn, L., McCabe, J., Rolek, B., Botha, A., Virani, M., Buij, R., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Griffon Vulture Mortality at Wind Farms in Southern Spain: Distribution of Fatalities and Active Mitigation Measures de Lucas, M., Ferrer, M., Bechard, M., Muñoz, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Use of Upland and Riparian Areas by Wintering Bald Eagles and Implications for Wind Energy Schmuecker, S., Becker, D., Lanzone, M., Fogg, B., Romano, S., Katzner, T., Miller, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Limited rigor in studies of raptor mortality and mitigation at wind power facilities Conkling, T., McClure, C., Cuadros, S., Loss, S., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Using a Collision Model to Design Safer Wind Turbine Rotors for Birds Tucker, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Developing an efficient protocol for monitoring eagle fatalities at wind energy facilities Hallingstad, E., Rabie, P., Telander, A., Roppe, J., Nagy, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Major threats to a migratory raptor vary geographically along the eastern Mediterranean flyway Oppel, S., Arkumarev, V., Bakari, S,, Dobrev, V., Saravia-Mullin, V., Adefolu, S., Aktay Sözüer, L., Apeverga, P., Arslan, S., Barshep, Y., Bino,T., Bounas, A., Çetin,T., Dayyoub, M., Dobrev, D., Duro, K., El-Moghrabi, L., ElSafoury, H., Endris, A., Ghazal Asswad, N., Harry, J., Ivande, S., Jbour, S., Kapsalis, E., Kret, E., Mahamued, B., Manu, S., Mengistu, S., Moussa Zabeirou, A., Muhammad, S., Nakev, S., Ngari, A., Onoja, J., Osta, M., Özuslu, S., Petrovski, N., Popgeorgiev, G., Pourchier, C., Qaneer, T., Ruffo, A., Shobrak, M., Sidiropoulos, L., Skartsi, T., Sözüer, Ö., Stara, K., Tesfaye, M., Topi, M,, Vavylis, D., Velevski, M., Vorpsi, Z., Wondafrash, M., Xeka, E., Yeniyurt, C., Yordanov, E., Nikolov, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Assessing carcass relocation for offsetting golden eagle mortality at wind energy facilities Lonsdorf, E., Gerber, J., Ray, D., Slater, S., Allison, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Upland Raptors and the Assessment of Wind Farm Impacts Madders, M., Whitfield, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
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