Abstract
Wind energy is a pillar of the energy transition to a low carbon economy. In Germany like in other industrialized countries, local opposition against wind turbines seems to increase. The present chapter provides empirical evidence for a numerical overestimation of local opponents in overseas and European countries.
Mostly, citizen participation is associated with the planning process but less with the impact of how the operating wind turbines are experienced. Since complains of residents about annoying wind turbine emissions cause negative information and opposition, the link between the experienced planning process, annoyance, and stress by the operating turbines is highlighted. Additionally, international research finds that wind turbines are considered good neighbors for the majority.
Similarities of acceptance factors and approaches to promote acceptance describe the complexity of local acceptance and make obvious that citizen participation is fundamental but not the exclusive golden key to foster the development of wind energy.