TY - JOUR
TI - The avian and wildlife costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power
AU - Sovacool, B
T2 - Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences
AB - Environmentalists and environmental scientists have criticized wind energy in various forums for its negative impacts on wildlife, especially birds. This article highlights that nuclear power and fossil-fuelled power systems have a host of environmental and wildlife costs as well, particularly for birds. Therefore, as a low-emission, low-pollution energy source, the wider use of wind energy can save wildlife and birds as it displaces these more harmful sources of electricity. The paper provides two examples: one relates to a calculation of avian fatalities across wind electricity, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power systems in the entire United States of America. It estimates that wind farms are responsible for roughly 0.27 avian fatalities per gigawatt-hour (GWh) of electricity while nuclear power plants involve 0.6 fatalities per GWh and fossil-fueled power stations are responsible for about 9.4 fatalities per GWh. Within the uncertainties of the data used, the estimate means that wind farm-related avian fatalities equated to approximately 46,000 birds in the United States of America in 2009, but nuclear power plants killed about 460,000 and fossil-fueled power plants 24 million. A second example summarizes the wildlife benefits from a 580-MW wind farm at Altamont Pass in California, a facility that some have criticized for its impact on wildlife. The paper lastly highlights other social and environmental benefits to wind farms compared to other sources of electricity and energy.
DA - 2012/12//
PY - 2012
VL - 9
IS - 4
SP - 255
EP - 278
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2012.746993
DO - 10.1080/1943815X.2012.746993
LA - English
KW - Wind Energy
KW - Land-Based Wind
KW - Displacement
KW - Collision
KW - Birds
KW - Bats
ER -